Why Culture Matters in the Reconstruction and Recovery of Cities
With an ever bigger urban population being affected by both natural hazards and armed conflict, policy makers and practitioners need to develop effective strategies for the reconstruction and recovery of cities. Ahmed Eiweida, Christianna Brotsis, and Yuna Chun argue that it is imperative for such strategies to take culture into account.
Today’s world is shaped by many forces – including urbanisation, natural hazards, and conflict – and culture is central to the interplay of these forces. Culture is the foundation upon which cities are built. Cities are not just a collection of buildings, but are the people, their stories, and how they interact with each other through their cultural identity and sense of place.
Given the unprecedented speed and scale of urbanisation, the frequency and intensity of natural hazards are disproportionately affecting urban areas. Each year, more than 200 million people are impacted by storms, floods, cyclones, and earthquakes – a situation that is being exacerbated by climate change.
At the same time, armed conflicts are increasingly causing widespread destruction in cities. Many cities have seen people’s collective memories and symbols of their cultural identities – their tangible and intangible cultural heritage – damaged or destroyed during conflict as a means of erasing people’s ties to their identities and communities.
The Cases of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina…
Global cases show us that culture serves as a bellwether of recovery. In Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the city’s multicultural identity was rebuilt through the reconstruction of the Mostar Bridge. For Mostar’s citizens, the Mostar Bridge was a cultural icon that defined the city’s identity. When the bridge was destroyed in 1993 during the war, local inhabitants prioritised reconstruction of the bridge over housing, indicating its true value to the community.
The people of Mostar demanded “a full rebuilding of the bridge on the spot where it stood, in the form it had, and from the same materials as originally used. For them, this form of reconstruction symbolized the re-establishment of desecrated values.”[1]Hadzimuhamedovic, A. “Reconstruction of the Old Bridge in Mostar.” In Reconstruction and Recovery, World Heritage 86, March 2018, pp. 25. The community’s message was clear: “A person killed is one of us; the Bridge is all of us”[2]Drakulic, Slavenka. “FALLNG DOWN: A Mostar Bridge elegy.” The New Republic, 13 December 1993., articulating the fundamental role of culture as identity in the recovery process for the people of Mostar.
…and of Aceh, Indonesia
In Aceh, Indonesia, which suffered from three decades of urban destress due to separatist conflict and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, post-crisis reconstruction and recovery efforts unfolded in parallel. The national and provincial governments started to collaborate and took a culturally informed approach, ensuring transparency and stakeholder engagement by leveraging the region’s diverse and vibrant local cultures and wisdom.
For instance, reconstruction leaders collaborated with local theatre groups to develop and perform new plays that promoted dialogue on Banda Aceh’s reconstruction and peacebuilding process. The “forum theatre” method catalysed interaction between the actors and the audience who enthusiastically commented upon and discussed each play’s disaster-recovery theme. Such creative and culture-based interventions helped to inform the post-disaster reconstruction and peace-building processes as well as to solicit citizen feedback, while engaging vulnerable or at-risk groups for improved resilience.
Culture at the Forefront of Reconstruction
In such post-conflict/disaster and urban distress situations, such as civil unrest, urban crimes and/or war in drugs, culture is at the forefront of the reconstruction and recovery of cities. Tackling the impact of such crises requires responses that consider the needs of all social groups, and provides opportunities for social inclusion and economic development, while also acknowledging the specific needs, priorities, and identities of communities.
Culture – including tangible and intangible cultural heritage and creativity – is essential both as an asset and as a tool for city reconstruction and recovery.
Placing culture at the heart of urban reconstruction and recovery strategies and processes is critical to effectively restoring the physical and social fabrics of cities as it allows the integration of reconstruction policies that consider people’s needs and place characteristics into a coherent strategy. These perspectives strengthen the sense of belonging of communities, their identities, and improve liveability of the city and people’s livelihoods.
Framework and Guidance for Reconstruction Policies
It is against this context and in that spirit that the World Bank and UNESCO jointly prepared and published the Culture in City Reconstruction and Recovery (CURE) Position Paper. It offers a framework and operational guidance for policymakers and practitioners for the planning, financing, and implementation phases of post-crisis interventions for city reconstruction and recovery.
As the foundation that integrates people-centred and place-based policies, culture needs to be mainstreamed across the damage and needs assessment processes in policy and strategy-setting, financing, and implementation. The Paper also reflects the broader aim of UNESCO and the World Bank of integrating culture in urban development, specifically during city reconstruction and recovery processes after crises that threaten cities’ identities, with the goal of making our cities more inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
Following the publication of the Position Paper, three Technical Notes were developed based on the CURE Framework to provide more tailored guidance for (i) disaster risk management (DRM) practitioners; (ii) fragile and conflict-affected settings; and (iii) planning, financing, and implementation operational guidance to city officials. The notes help practitioners to apply a “culture lens” to intervention in the recovery and reconstruction process, while strengthening preparedness and prevention measures.
A Source of Dignity
Culture is a source of dignity and, through its role in forming identity and shaping interactions between individuals and groups, is foundational to (re)development. It is critical to sustain the vibrancy that cities are built on. The World Bank and UNESCO are committed to placing culture at the heart of city reconstruction and recovery processes in the wake of crises by advocating for and including cultural heritage, creativity, and diversity of cultural expressions into city reconstruction and recovery strategies and interventions.